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Cells express hundreds of different types of receptor on their surface. Receptors bind ligands which may be receptors on other cells, or soluble molecules such as cytokines. Among these proteins are receptors by which cells interact with each other and the environment. An immunologist or a haematologist may subdivide these populations further, on the basis of the proteins that are expressed in their cell membranes. In a routine blood test, five different kinds of white blood cell will be counted ( Table 1). Many important immune cell types have been identified. Some of these then undergo very significant secondary education before they are released to patrol the body.
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After early childhood, most immune cells are produced from the bone marrow. For this reason, although the immune system may seem a less substantial thing than an organ such as the heart or the liver, in aggregate, immunity consumes enormous resources, producing the large number of cells that it depends on for successful functioning.
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It is a fundamental property of immunity that no part of our body is cut off from its surveillance.
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Managing this threat depends on understanding how to maximize the potential of our sophisticated immune system in the service of human health. Emerging infectious diseases have as much potential to shape future human history as the epidemics and pandemics of the past. The pressure that natural selection exerts is inexhaustible and unending. The problems that the mammalian immune system solves are not restricted to higher animals they are faced by all forms of life and are ignored by none.